近日，法国蒙彼利埃大学研究人员发现，早餐吃精制碳水化合物会降低男性和女性的面部吸引力。　　🤔️小作业：　　1. What immediate dietary change does the article suggest for enhancing morning appearance?　　A) Increasing the intake of natural sugars found in fruits.　　B) Choosing breakfast options low in processed sugars and refined carbs.　　C) Consuming more protein-rich foods like eggs and meat.　　D) Drinking more caffeinated beverages to improve skin tone.　　2. What broader implication does the study suggest about the relationship between diet and social traits?　　A) Dietary habits have no significant effect on social perceptions of health and vitality.　　B) High-sugar diets are universally preferred for their immediate energy boost.　　C) People's dietary choices can influence perceptions of traits like facial attractiveness.　　D) Consuming a diet high in fats and oils is beneficial for skin health and appearance.　　无注释原文：　　People who eat breakfast high in refined carbs rated less attractive, study finds　　From: The Guardian　　If you want to look your best in the morning, it may be worth swapping the ultra-processed pastries and fruit juice for wholemeal toast and tea without sugar.　　Researchers in France found that people who ate a breakfast rich in refined carbohydrates were rated less attractive than those who started the day with healthier unrefined carbs.　　Scientists at the University of Montpellier believe the subtle shift in facial attractiveness may be driven by changes in blood sugar and insulin that can affect skin appearance and have longer-term effects on sex hormones.　　“It's surprising to consider but our dietary choices can have rapid effects on our appearance,” said Dr Claire Berticat, an evolutionary biologist and the first author on the study. “These physiological changes could subtly alter facial features, impacting how others perceive attractiveness.”　　The researchers recruited 52 men and 52 women aged 20 to 30 and randomly assigned them to have a 500-calorie breakfast rich in either refined or unrefined carbohydrates. The refined carbs breakfast included a French baguette made from industrially milled flour, jam, apple or orange juice, and tea or coffee with sugar available. The unrefined carbs meal was stoneground wholemeal bread with butter and cheese, an orange or apple, and tea or coffee without sugar.　　The scientists measured blood sugar levels of volunteers before and after they ate and then took headshots of the participants under controlled lighting conditions. The photos were then passed to groups of raters to estimate how old, how masculine or feminine and how attractive the individuals looked.　　Writing in Plos One, the researchers claim that eating refined carbohydrates for breakfast decreased facial attractiveness for men and women, though the longer-term effects of eating such foods, gleaned from questionnaires completed by the volunteers, were more complicated.　　“The effect varies by gender and meal type, underscoring the complex relationship between diet and attractiveness,” Berticat said. “Our findings serve as a compelling reminder of the far-reaching impact of dietary choices not only on health but also on traits having particular social importance such as facial attractiveness.”　　Refined carbohydrates can produce spikes in blood sugar, which the body counters by releasing insulin. The response can drive sugar levels too low, a condition called hypoglycaemia, and affect blood flow and skin appearance. In the study, only the refined carbs breakfast produced hypoglycaemia.　　David Perrett, a professor of psychology at the University of St Andrews, who has studied facial cues for health, said there should be no surprise that diet affects attractiveness. Fruit and vegetables improved attractiveness by increasing plant pigments called carotenoids in the skin, he said, while high-sugar diets could age the skin.　　- ◆ -　　注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考　　含注释全文：　　People who eat breakfast high in refined carbs rated less attractive, study finds　　From: The Guardian　　If you want to look your best in the morning, it may be worthswappingtheultra-processed pastriesand fruit juice forwholemeal toastand tea without sugar.　　如果你渴望在清晨散发出最佳的光彩，不妨把超加工糕点和果汁换成全麦吐司和无糖茶。　　swap　　swap /swɑːp/可以作动词，也可以作名词，表示“交换”，英文解释为“If you swap something with someone, you give it to them and receive a different thing in exchange.”举个🌰：Next week they will swap places and will repeat the switch weekly. 下周他们将互换位置，以后将每周换一次。　　ultra-processed　　柯林斯词典2023年度十大热词之一，表示“超加工的：指食品经过高度加工，含有大量添加剂、人工成分和低营养价值的成分”，英文解释为“(of food) prepared using industrial processes, usually involving a large number of ingredients, many of which would not normally be used in preparing or cooking food at home”　　pastry　　pastry /ˈpeɪ.stri/ 1）表示“油酥糕点；油酥点心”，英文解释为“a food made from a mixture of flour, fat, and water, rolled flat and either wrapped around or put over or under other foods, and then baked”如：puff pastry （奶油松饼）泡芙。　　2）表示“茶点，点心”，英文解释为“a type of sweet cake made of special pastry and usually containing something such as fruit or nuts”举个🌰：We were offered a selection of cakes and pastries with our tea. 我们喝茶时有几种蛋糕和茶点可以挑选。　　wholemeal　　英式wholemeal /ˈhəʊl.miːl/ 美式wholewheat 表示“（面粉或食品）全麦的”，英文解释为“(of flour or food made from flour) containing all the natural features of the grain, with nothing taken away”如：wholemeal bread/flour/pastry 全麦面包/面粉/油酥点心。　　toast　　toast /təʊst/ 1）作名词，表示“烤面包片，吐司”，英文解释为“sliced bread made warm, crisp (= hard enough to break), and brown by being put near a high heat”如：a slice of toast 一块烤面包片；　　2）作名词，表示“祝酒；干杯”，英文解释为“an expression of good wishes or respect for someone that involves holding up and then drinking from a glass of alcohol, especially wine, after a short speech”举个🌰：Champagne corks popped and the guests drank a toast to the happy couple. 香槟酒瓶砰地打开了，客人们举杯为这对幸福的伉俪干杯。　　🍸比如，G20杭州峰会欢迎宴会上致辞最后提到：Now, please join me in a toast: 现在我提议，大家共同举杯，　　🎬电影《爱你，罗茜》（Love, Rosie）中的台词提到：So , please ,everybody , join me in a toast, to the bride and groom. 所以，各位，请和我举起这杯酒，敬我们的新娘和新郎。　　3）当然toast也可以直接作动词，举个🌰：We toasted the happy couple. 我们为这对幸福的伉俪干杯。　　Researchers in France found that people who ate a breakfast rich inrefined carbohydrateswere rated less attractive than those who started the day with healthier unrefinedcarbs.　　法国研究人员发现，与那些以更健康的非精制碳水化合物开始一天生活的人相比，早餐吃富含精制碳水化合物的人在吸引力上评分较低。　　refined　　refined /rɪˈfaɪnd/ 1）表示“精炼的；精制的；提纯的”，英文解释为“A refined substance has been made pure by removing other substances from it.”如：refined foods such as white bread and white sugar 诸如白面包和白糖之类的精制食品。　　2）表示“精细的；完善的；精妙的”，英文解释为“improved because of many small changes that have been made”如：highly refined theories 非常精炼的理论。　　3）表示“有教养的；文雅的；优雅的”，英文解释为“very polite and showing knowledge of social rules”　　refine 作动词 1）表示“完善；改进，改善”，英文解释为“If something such as a process, theory, or machine is refined, it is improved by having small changes made to it.”举个🌰：Surgical techniques are constantly being refined. 外科手术技术正在不断得到完善。　　2）表示“（尤指去除不需要的杂质而）精炼，提炼，提纯”，英文解释为“to make something pure or improve something, especially by removing unwanted material”　　📍词根“-fine”表示"细，精"，前缀“re-”表示"再，重新"。同根词：refinery（炼油厂）　　carbohydrate　　carbohydrate /ˌkɑːbəʊˈhaɪdreɪt/表示“碳水化合物；含碳水化合物的食物”，英文解释为“Carbohydrates are substances, found in certain kinds of food, that provide you with energy. Foods such as sugar and bread that contain these substances can also be referred to as carbohydrates. ”如：carbohydrates such as bread, pasta, or potatoes. 含碳水化合物的食物，如面包、意大利面或马铃薯。　　carb /kɑːb/，carbohydrate的非正式说法，表示“碳水化合物”，英文解释为“informal for carbohydrate ”举个🌰：Studies have indicated a low-carb diet can pose heart and kidney risks. 研究表明低碳水化合物饮食对心脏和肾脏造成风险。　　Scientists at the University of Montpellier believe thesubtleshift in facial attractiveness may be driven by changes in blood sugar andinsulinthat can affect skin appearance and have longer-term effects on sexhormones.　　蒙彼利埃大学的科学家们认为，面部吸引力的微妙变化可能是由血糖和胰岛素的变化引起的，这些变化会影响皮肤外观并对性激素产生长期影响。　　subtle　　subtle /ˈsʌt.əl/ 表示“难以察觉，难以理解的；微妙的，细微的”，英文解释为“not easy to notice or understand unless you pay careful attention”举个🌰：The pictures are similar, but there are subtle differences between them. 这些图片很相似，但它们之间有细微的差别。　　📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述企业发现AI难以实施的文章中提到：A more subtle problem is that of deciding what to use AI for. 一个更微妙的问题是决定AI派上什么用场。　　insulin　　insulin /ˈɪnsjəlɪn/表示“胰岛素”，英文解释为“a chemical substance produced in the body that controls the amount of sugar in the blood (by influencing the rate at which it is removed); a similar artificial substance given to people whose bodies do not produce enough naturally”　　hormone　　hormone /ˈhɔːməʊn/ 表示“激素；荷尔蒙”，英文解释为“a chemical substance produced in the body or in a plant that encourages growth or influences how the cells and tissues function; an artificial substance that has similar effects”，如：growth hormones 生长激素。　　“It's surprising to consider but our dietary choices can have rapid effects on our appearance,” said Dr Claire Berticat, an evolutionary biologist and the first author on the study. “Thesephysiologicalchanges could subtly alter facial features, impacting how othersperceiveattractiveness.”　　“我们的饮食选择会迅速影响到我们的外貌，这一点令人惊讶，”这项研究的第一作者、进化生物学家克莱尔·贝尔蒂卡特博士（Dr Claire Berticat）说。“这些生理变化可能会微妙地改变面部特征，进而影响到他人对于吸引力的感知。”　　physiological　　physiological /ˌfɪz.i.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“生理学的”，英文解释为“relating to the way in which the bodies of living things work”举个🌰：Touching causes a physiological reaction. 触摸引起生理反应。　　perceive　　perceive /pəˈsiːv/ 1）表示“感知，察觉，注意到，意识到”，英文解释为“to see something or someone, or to notice something that is obvious”举个🌰：He perceived a tiny figure in the distance. 他注意到远处有个很小的身影。　　2）表示“认为；看待；视为”，英文解释为“to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something”举个🌰：How do the French perceive the British? 法国人是如何看待英国人的？　　📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述比特币的文章中提到：Scarcity is a trait of many things that are perceived to have value. 稀缺性正是许多被视为有价值的事物共有的特征。　　The researchers recruited 52 men and 52 women aged 20 to 30 and randomly assigned them to have a 500-calorie breakfast rich in either refined or unrefined carbohydrates. The refined carbs breakfast included a Frenchbaguettemade from industriallymilledflour, jam, apple or orange juice, and tea or coffee with sugar available. The unrefined carbs meal wasstonegroundwholemeal bread with butter and cheese, an orange or apple, and tea or coffee without sugar.　　研究人员招募了52名男性和52名女性参与者，年龄均在20至30岁之间，并随机分配他们享用富含精制或非精制碳水化合物的500卡路里早餐。精制碳水化合物早餐包括用工业研磨面粉制作的法式长棍面包、果酱、苹果汁或橙汁，以及可加糖的茶或咖啡。非精制碳水化合物早餐则是石磨全麦面包配黄油和奶酪、橙子或苹果，以及不加糖的茶或咖啡。　　baguette　　baguette /bæɡˈet/ 表示“法式长棍面包”，英文解释为“a long, thin stick of white bread, of a type that originally came from France”　　mill　　mill /mɪl/ 作名词，1）表示“磨坊，碾磨厂，磨粉厂”，英文解释为“a building where grain is crushed into flour”　　2）表示“工厂；制造厂”，英文解释为“a factory that produces a particular type of material”如：a cotton/cloth/steel/paper mill 纱/纺织/钢/造纸厂。　　作动词，表示“磨；碾碎”，英文解释为“to crush grain into flour or another substance into powder”举个🌰：The grain is still milled locally. 谷物仍在当地碾磨。　　stoneground　　stoneground /ˈstəʊn.ɡraʊnd/ 表示“（面粉）石磨研磨的”，英文解释为“Flour that is stoneground has been made by crushing grain between two large stones.”　　The scientists measured blood sugar levels of volunteers before and after they ate and then took headshots of the participants under controlled lighting conditions. The photos were then passed to groups of raters to estimate how old, howmasculineorfeminineand how attractive the individuals looked.　　科学家们测量了参与者用餐前后的血糖水平，然后在受控照明条件下拍摄了参与者的大头照。然后将照片交给评分小组，以评估参与者的年龄、性别特征及其吸引力。　　masculine　　masculine /ˈmæs.kjə.lɪn/ 表示“男性的，男子气概的；适于男子的”，英文解释为“having characteristics that are traditionally thought to be typical of or suitable for men”如：a masculine appearance/voice 男性外表/嗓音。　　feminine　　feminine /ˈfem.ɪ.nɪn/ 表示“（举止或气质）女性特有的，女性的”，英文解释为“having characteristics that are traditionally thought to be typical of or suitable for a woman”　　Writing in Plos One, the researchers claim that eating refined carbohydrates for breakfast decreased facial attractiveness for men and women, though the longer-term effects of eating such foods,gleanedfromquestionnairescompleted by the volunteers, were morecomplicated.　　研究人员在《公共科学图书馆·综合》（Plos One）杂志上发表文章称，早餐吃精制碳水化合物会降低男性和女性的面部吸引力，不过从志愿者完成的问卷中收集到的吃这类食物的长期影响更为复杂。　　glean　　glean /ɡliːn/ 表示“费力地收集，四处搜集（信息、知识等）”，英文解释为“to obtain information, knowledge etc., sometimes with difficulty and often from various different places”举个🌰：These figures have been gleaned from a number of studies. 这些数据是通过多次研究收集得来的。　　🎬 电影《冲出宁静号》（Serenity）中台词提到：Whatever secrets she might have accidentally gleaned...  it's probable she doesn't even know she knows them. 即使她无意中 得知了什么秘密…她可能都不知道自己掌握秘密。　　🎬 电影《预科生的贩毒网络》（The Preppie Connection）中就提到英国著名诗人约翰·济慈（John Keats）很有名的一首诗「When I Have Fears」中的句子：When I have fears that I may cease to be; Before my pen has gleaned my teeming brain; Before high piled books, in charactery, ... 每当我害怕生命或许就要止息，我的笔来不及苦集盈溢的思绪，或把文字变为高高堆起的书籍，　　questionnaire　　questionnaire /ˌkwes.tʃəˈneər/ 表示“问卷；情况调查表”，英文解释为“a list of questions that several people are asked so that information can be collected about something”　　complicated　　complicated /ˈkɒm.plɪ.keɪ.tɪd/ 表示“复杂的；麻烦的；费解的”，英文解释为“involving a lot of different parts, in a way that is difficult to understand”如：complicated instructions 复杂的指令。　　“The effect varies by gender and meal type,underscoringthe complex relationship between diet and attractiveness,” Berticat said. “Our findings serve as acompellingreminder of the far-reaching impact of dietary choices not only on health but also ontraitshaving particular social importance such as facial attractiveness.”　　“这种影响因性别和餐食类型而异，突显了饮食与吸引力之间的复杂关系，”克莱尔·贝尔蒂卡特博士说。“我们的研究结果有力地提醒人们，饮食选择不仅对健康有深远影响，还会影响对社交很重要的特征，如面部吸引力。”　　underscore　　underscore /ˌʌn.dəˈskɔːr/ 表示“突出显示；强调”，英文解释为“If something such as an action or an event underscores another, it draws attention to the other thing and emphasizes its importance.”举个🌰：The figures underscore the state of the economic recovery.数据突出显示了经济复苏的状态。　　🎬电影《笔下求生》（Stranger Than Fiction）中的台词提到：lts desperate attempts to escape... only underscore the hopelessness of its plight. 它绝望的挣扎 只能强调它无望的处境。　　compelling　　compelling /kəmˈpel.ɪŋ/ 1）表示“（理由、论证等）令人信服的，很有说服力的”，英文解释为“If a reason, argument, etc. is compelling, it makes you believe it or accept it because it is so strong.”如：compelling evidence 强有力的证据。　　2）表示“引人入胜的；激动人心的；扣人心弦的”，英文解释为“very exciting and interesting and making you want to watch or listen”举个🌰：I found the whole film very compelling. 我觉得整部影片都很扣人心弦。　　trait　　trait /treɪt/ 表示“（个人的）特征，特性，品质”，英文解释为“a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behaviour”举个🌰：His sense of humour is one of his better traits. 具有幽默感是他更讨人喜欢的特点之一。　　Refined carbohydrates can producespikesin blood sugar, which the bodycountersby releasing insulin. The response can drive sugar levels too low, a condition called hypoglycaemia, and affect blood flow and skin appearance. In the study, only the refined carbs breakfast produced hypoglycaemia.　　精制碳水化合物可能导致血糖上升，而身体通过释放胰岛素来应对这一现象。这种反应会导致血糖水平过低，即低血糖症（hypoglycaemia），从而影响血液流动和皮肤外观。在这项研究中，只有早餐摄入精制碳水化合物会导致低血糖症。　　spike　　spike /spaɪk/ 在年度词汇盘点文章中基本都会出现这个词，1）作名词，可以理解为“峰值”或者“激增；猛增；急升”，英文解释为“a sharp increase in the magnitude or concentration of something”如：a spike in oil prices 油价的急剧上涨。　　2）也可以作动词，同样表示“激增”，英文解释为“if the number or rate of something spikes, it increases quickly and by a large amount ”举个🌰：New orders have spiked in the last two years. 新订单在过去两年里激增。　　3）作名词，表示“尖头，尖刺；（尤指金属的）尖状物”，英文解释为“a narrow, thin shape with a sharp point at one end, or something, especially a piece of metal, with this shape”　　4）spikes表示“（某些运动鞋上的）防滑鞋钉；钉鞋”，英文解释为“a set of short, pointed pieces of metal or plastic, attached to the bottom of shoes worn for particular sports, that stop the person wearing the shoes from sliding on the ground, or shoes with these pointed pieces”　　counter　　counter /ˈkaʊn.tər/ 作名词，表示“柜台”，英文解释为“a long, flat, narrow surface or table in a shop, bank, restaurant, etc. at which people are served”　　作动词，表示“反驳；反对；对抗”，英文解释为“to react to something with an opposing opinion or action, or to defend yourself against something”举个🌰：When criticisms were made of the school's performance, the parents' group countered with details of its exam results. 当有人对学校的业绩提出批评时，家长团举出具体的考试成绩予以反驳。　　📍前缀counter-表示“（用于构词）表示相反或相对”（Counter- is used to form words which refer to actions or activities that are intended to prevent other actions or activities or that respond to them.）如：counter-terrorism 反恐，counter-example 反面例子，counterintelligence 反情报；反间谍活动。　　David Perrett, a professor of psychology at the University of St Andrews, who has studied facial cues for health, said there should be no surprise that diet affects attractiveness. Fruit and vegetables improved attractiveness by increasing plantpigmentscalled carotenoids in the skin, he said, while high-sugar diets could age the skin.　　研究面部健康因素的圣安德鲁斯大学心理学教授戴维·佩雷特（David Perrett）说，饮食会影响吸引力，这一点不足为奇。他说，水果和蔬菜通过增加皮肤中被称为类胡萝卜素的植物色素来提高吸引力，而高糖饮食则会使皮肤老化。　　pigment　　pigment /ˈpɪɡ.mənt/ 表示“色素；颜料”，英文解释为“a substance that gives something a particular colour when it is present in it or is added to it”举个🌰：Melanin is the dark brown pigment of the hair, skin, and eyes that is present in varying amounts in every human being. 黑色素是头发、皮肤和眼睛中的黑褐色色素，每个人体内或多或少都有这种色素。　　- 词汇盘点 -　　swap、ultra-processed、pastry、wholemeal、toast、refined、carbohydrate、subtle、insulin、hormone、physiological、perceive、baguette、mill、stoneground、masculine、feminine、glean、questionnaire、complicated、underscore、compelling、trait、spike、counter、pigment　　- 词汇助记 By ChatGPT -　　Swapping ultra-processed pastries for wholemeal toast, subtle spikes in insulin, a hormone, underscored physiological traits perceived through questionnaires: refined carbs like baguettes, not stoneground, complicated masculine and feminine responses, compelling a reevaluation of pigments and food choices.